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Surgical treatment of degenerative spinal diseases is a specialized practice aimed at correcting or relieving problems caused by the wear and tear of spinal structures, such as intervertebral discs and joints. The main conditions include herniated discs, spondylosis, spinal stenosis, spondylolisthesis, and degenerative scoliosis. Surgery is usually considered when conservative treatments fail, there is severe pain or neurological damage, or immediate decompression of the spinal cord or nerves is required. The main types of surgeries include discectomy, laminectomy, spinal fusion, and intervertebral disc replacement. Recovery varies depending on the type of surgery and the patient’s health, while risks include infection, bleeding, nerve damage, and the need for further procedures. The decision for surgery should be made after careful evaluation by a specialized spinal surgeon.