Capsaicin is a compound found in dried red chili peppers that has the ability to bind to pain receptors (nociceptors) in our body. When it binds, capsaicin activates the nociceptors and triggers sensory neurons to transmit pain signals to the spinal cord and brain. This is why consuming capsaicin gives us the sensation of burning, or even itching.
When this substance is consumed repeatedly or in very large quantities, the nociceptors block, and the sensory neurons stop transmitting pain signals, resulting in the opposite effect. In other words, repeated exposure to capsaicin or exposure to large amounts of capsaicin can lead to a reduction in pain sensation by temporarily inhibiting the function of sensory neurons.
Capsaicin is used as a therapeutic substance for pain in two ways: either through local application or by consuming it as a dietary supplement.
Topical application of ointment: This is often done using a low or high concentration capsaicin ointment, depending on the situation. The substance is absorbed through the skin at the area where the ointment is applied. However, its effect is limited to the specific area, and the skin cannot absorb particularly large amounts of the substance.
Topical application of capsaicin patch (8%): Local application can also be performed with the use of a capsaicin patch, which is directly applied to the skin. These patches have a high concentration of the substance and are usually applied after the use of a local anesthetic. During the treatment, the patch remains on the skin for about 60 minutes, depending on the area of the body where it is applied, after which it is removed, and the skin in the corresponding area is cleaned. This procedure is repeated, if needed, 12 weeks after the initial treatment.